ARFID is defined in the DSM5, but quite simply, it is where a person is unable to explore foods outside of their 'safe' group of foods without triggering a negative emotional reaction (or exhibiting prolonged disinterest).
ARFID is not fussy eating. Fussy eating is normal for young children and they usually grow out of this phase.
This inabililty to eat a wider range of foods can lead to health concerns, malnutrition, and creates stress and tension for the individual and family wherever food is involved (dinner time, school, camps, holidays, parties, sleepovers, restaurants, etc.)
ARFID may have a number of drivers:
1. Sensory (SPD)
Heightened sensory issues may cause discomfort/avoidance in exploring food. The brain avoids repetition of a negative experience. This generally starts at a young age.
2. Aversion due to past Consequences
An historical episode of choking, vomiting, allergic reaction, etc., may have triggered a traumatic association with food. For babies this may be from colic, reflux, vaccinations, tongue tie, gastro, allergies, constipation, etc., and in latter years a chocking incident, food poisoning or painful medical experience may trigger the behaviour in adolescents and adults.
3. Personality types
Highly anxious or cautious children are more prone to negative experiences around food perpetuating beyond the original 'scare'.
4. Comorbid triggers
Emetophobia (fear of vomiting), ASD (Autism), ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), PDA (Pathological Demand Avoidance), OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) can all have their own food challenges and can progress to ARFID behaviours in some individuals.
The below animated video will give you a good overview of ARFID. NOTE: It is safe to show this video to a child who is struggling with ARFID.
The below articles on WEB MD and EDV also have clear articles describing ARFID.
WEB MD has a very useful article on the causes, symptoms and diagnosis of ARFID. Click the link to read more.
Eating Disorders Victoria (EDV) has a succinct definiton and information page about ARFID. Click the link to read more.
This ARFID information page will also give you insight into the causes and behaviours around ARFID.
The below video by Felix Economakis will give you some professional insight if you have ever asked yourself the question " Do I have ARFID?".